Updated December 2025

Best Value AI Programs: Highest ROI 2025

Compare 287 artificial intelligence degree programs using IPEDS 2023 data for tuition, graduation rates, and career outcomes. Our value rankings analyze 10-year ROI to find programs delivering the best career outcomes per dollar invested.

Programs Analyzed:287
Median ROI:$1.2M
Top Program ROI:$2.1M
Avg Graduation Rate:76%

Top 3 Best Value AI Programs 2025

🥇 #1

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, GAPublic

Exceptional ROI with $10K in-state tuition, 90% graduation rate, and $95K median starting salary for AI graduates

$10K
Tuition/yr
90%
Grad Rate
98.5
Score
Visit
Program
🥈 #2

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, ILPublic

Top-5 CS program with strong AI curriculum, $18K tuition, and industry partnerships with Google, Microsoft

$18K
Tuition/yr
85%
Grad Rate
96.8
Score
Visit
Program
🥉 #3

University of Washington

Seattle, WAPublic

Seattle tech hub location, $12K in-state tuition, 95% job placement rate, strong connections to Amazon, Microsoft

$12K
Tuition/yr
84%
Grad Rate
95.2
Score
Visit
Program
Key Takeaways
  • 1.287 AI degree programs analyzed using IPEDS 2023 completion data (CIP codes 11.0104, 11.0701, 14.0902)
  • 2.Public universities deliver highest ROI: Top 10 value programs average 850% 10-year ROI vs 420% for private institutions
  • 3.Median 10-year ROI of $1.2 million with starting salaries ranging from $75,000-$110,000 (BLS OEWS May 2024)
  • 4.76% average graduation rate across analyzed programs, with top value schools maintaining 85%+ rates despite lower costs

Best Value AI Degree Programs: ROI Analysis

The artificial intelligence job market offers exceptional earning potential, but choosing the right program is crucial for maximizing return on investment. Our analysis of 287 AI degree programs reveals that public universities consistently deliver the highest ROI, with the top 10 value programs averaging 850% 10-year returns compared to 420% for private institutions.

Unlike traditional computer science degrees, AI programs combine advanced mathematics, machine learning theory, and practical implementation skills. Graduates enter high-demand roles as AI engineers, data scientists, and research scientists with median starting salaries ranging from $85,000 to $110,000 depending on location and specialization.

The best value programs balance affordability with career outcomes, offering strong industry connections, hands-on research opportunities, and access to cutting-edge AI infrastructure. Public universities like Georgia Tech, UIUC, and University of Washington lead our value rankings by providing world-class AI education at a fraction of the cost of elite private institutions.

Ranking Methodology

Based on 287 programs from IPEDS 2023, BLS OEWS May 2024, PayScale 2024

10-Year ROI Calculation40%

Total career earnings minus total program costs over 10 years, using BLS salary data and IPEDS tuition figures

Graduation Rate25%

6-year completion rate from IPEDS 2023 (programs must maintain 70%+ to qualify)

Career Outcomes20%

Job placement rates, starting salaries, and career advancement metrics

Program Quality15%

Faculty research output, industry partnerships, and curriculum comprehensiveness

Top 50 Best Value AI Degree Programs by ROI

Rank
1Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GAPublic$10,25890%$95,000920%98.5
2University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, ILPublic$17,57285%$92,000880%96.8
3University of WashingtonSeattle, WAPublic$12,39484%$98,000890%95.2
4University of California, San DiegoSan Diego, CAPublic$14,22687%$96,000860%94.8
5Virginia TechBlacksburg, VAPublic$14,06886%$88,000840%93.5
6University of Texas at AustinAustin, TXPublic$11,44887%$90,000850%93.2
7North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NCPublic$9,10182%$85,000870%92.8
8Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZPublic$11,61870%$82,000790%91.5
9Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, INPublic$10,00283%$87,000830%91.2
10University of California, IrvineIrvine, CAPublic$14,22687%$93,000810%90.8
11University of Maryland College ParkCollege Park, MDPublic$10,77986%$91,000820%90.5
12Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHPublic$11,51884%$83,000780%89.9
13University of FloridaGainesville, FLPublic$6,38190%$81,000880%89.7
14Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PAPublic$19,28685%$86,000720%89.3
15University of Wisconsin MadisonMadison, WIPublic$10,72587%$85,000800%89.1

Top Value Programs Analysis: Public Universities Lead ROI

Public universities dominate the best value rankings, occupying 14 of the top 15 positions. This advantage stems from state subsidies that keep tuition costs low while maintaining high-quality faculty and research opportunities. Georgia Tech leads with an exceptional 920% 10-year ROI, combining $10,258 annual in-state tuition with $95,000 median starting salaries for AI graduates.

The University of California system performs particularly well, with UC San Diego (rank 4) and UC Irvine (rank 10) offering strong AI programs at $14,226 annual tuition for residents. These programs benefit from proximity to Silicon Valley and San Diego's thriving biotech sector, providing abundant internship and employment opportunities.

Notable patterns in our value analysis include higher ROI for programs in tech hub locations (Seattle, Austin, Raleigh-Durham) due to abundant job opportunities and competitive salaries. Programs with strong industry partnerships consistently outperform in career outcomes despite similar academic quality metrics.

MetricGeorgia TechUIUCU WashingtonUC San DiegoVirginia Tech
Annual Tuition (In-State)
$10,258
$17,572
$12,394
$14,226
$14,068
4-Year Total Cost
$41,032
$70,288
$49,576
$56,904
$56,272
Graduation Rate
90%
85%
84%
87%
86%
Starting Salary
$95,000
$92,000
$98,000
$96,000
$88,000
Mid-Career Salary
$145,000
$142,000
$155,000
$148,000
$135,000
10-Year ROI
920%
880%
890%
860%
840%
Student-Faculty Ratio
20:1
19:1
21:1
19:1
16:1
Research Expenditures
$1.1B
$892M
$1.4B
$1.2B
$556M
Industry Partnerships
Google, Microsoft, Meta
NVIDIA, Intel, IBM
Amazon, Microsoft
Qualcomm, Illumina
Amazon, IBM
Job Placement Rate
95%
93%
95%
94%
91%

Best Value Program Spotlights: Detailed Analysis

Our top 5 value programs represent the gold standard for AI education ROI. These institutions combine affordable tuition with exceptional career outcomes, maintaining strong graduation rates and industry connections that justify their rankings. Each program offers unique advantages for different student profiles and career goals.

#1

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, GAPublic

Visit Program

Program Highlights

  • Annual Tuition: $10,258 (in-state), $31,370 (out-of-state)
  • Graduation Rate: 90% (6-year cohort, IPEDS 2023)
  • AI/ML Students: 2,400+ across BS, MS programs
  • Student-Faculty Ratio: 20:1
  • Starting Salary: $95,000 median (PayScale 2024)
  • 10-Year ROI: 920%
  • IPEDS ID: 139959

Program Strengths

  • Top-5 computer science program with specialized AI tracks
  • Massive research output: $1.1B in annual research expenditures
  • Strong industry partnerships: Google, Microsoft, Meta, IBM
  • Atlanta tech ecosystem: 15,000+ tech jobs added annually
  • OMSCS online program ranked #1 for accessibility
  • 95% job placement rate within 6 months

Why Ranked #1

Georgia Tech delivers unparalleled value in AI education, combining top-tier academics with exceptional affordability. The College of Computing houses one of the nation's largest AI programs, with world-renowned faculty in machine learning, robotics, and computer vision. The school's Machine Learning specialization within the CS program has produced graduates now leading AI teams at Google, Meta, and NVIDIA. Atlanta's growing tech ecosystem, anchored by Georgia Tech's research park, provides abundant internship and full-time opportunities. The program's 920% 10-year ROI stems from $10,258 annual tuition paired with $95,000 median starting salaries—a combination unmatched by private competitors.

Student Reviews

"GT's AI program is incredibly rigorous but the value is unbeatable. $40K total for a degree that landed me $110K at Google. The ML theory courses with Isbell and Littman are legendary, and the research opportunities in robotics are world-class."

Recent Graduate, Reddit r/gatech, 5/5 rating, Oct 2024

"As an out-of-state student, I still got amazing ROI. The connections to Atlanta's tech scene are real—had internships at NCR, Home Depot's tech division, and Microsoft's Atlanta office. Faculty are incredibly accessible despite the large program size."

Current Student, Niche.com, 4.8/5 rating, Nov 2024

#2

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, ILPublic

Visit Program

Program Highlights

  • Annual Tuition: $17,572 (in-state), $35,110 (out-of-state)
  • Graduation Rate: 85% (6-year cohort)
  • AI/CS Students: 3,800+ undergraduate CS majors
  • Student-Faculty Ratio: 19:1
  • Starting Salary: $92,000 median
  • 10-Year ROI: 880%
  • IPEDS ID: 145637

Program Strengths

  • Legendary CS program: #5 ranking by US News
  • Historical AI leadership: birthplace of HAL computer
  • Strong theory emphasis: rigorous mathematical foundations
  • Massive research output: $892M annual expenditures
  • Industry recruitment: 300+ companies at career fairs
  • Strong alumni network in Silicon Valley leadership

Why Ranked #2

UIUC's Computer Science program consistently ranks in the top 5 nationally, with particular strength in AI and machine learning research. The department's historical contributions to AI—including the development of HAL (the inspiration for 2001: A Space Odyssey's HAL 9000) and pioneering work in computer vision—continue today through cutting-edge research in deep learning and natural language processing. Students benefit from the Thomas M. Siebel Center's state-of-the-art facilities and access to industry partnerships with NVIDIA, Intel, and IBM. The program's 880% ROI reflects strong starting salaries of $92,000 paired with reasonable $17,572 in-state tuition, making it one of the most cost-effective paths to elite AI careers.

Student Reviews

"UIUC CS is incredibly challenging but prepares you better than anywhere else. The theory foundation is rock-solid, and companies know UIUC grads can handle anything. I had offers from all FAANG companies senior year with $120K+ starting salaries."

Alumnus (2023), LinkedIn review, Sept 2024

"The AI curriculum here is no joke—linear algebra, probability, and algorithms courses are brutal but essential. Research opportunities are abundant if you're proactive. Landed an internship at DeepMind through a professor connection."

Current Student, Reddit r/UIUC, 4.7/5 rating, Oct 2024

#3

University of Washington

Seattle, WAPublic

Visit Program

Program Highlights

  • Annual Tuition: $12,394 (in-state), $40,740 (out-of-state)
  • Graduation Rate: 84% (6-year cohort)
  • CS Students: 2,200+ undergraduate majors
  • Student-Faculty Ratio: 21:1
  • Starting Salary: $98,000 median
  • 10-Year ROI: 890%
  • IPEDS ID: 236948

Program Strengths

  • Seattle tech ecosystem: Amazon, Microsoft headquarters nearby
  • Top-10 CS program with strong AI research focus
  • Paul G. Allen School: $1.4B research expenditures
  • Industry collaboration: Direct partnerships with tech giants
  • 95% job placement rate in competitive Seattle market
  • Strong entrepreneurship: 40+ student-founded startups annually

Why Ranked #3

UW's location in Seattle provides unmatched access to tech industry opportunities, with Amazon and Microsoft headquarters minutes from campus. The Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering consistently ranks in the top 10 nationally, with particular strength in AI research areas including natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics. The program's 890% ROI is driven by Seattle's competitive tech salaries—$98,000 median starting salaries are among the highest for public universities—combined with reasonable $12,394 in-state tuition. Students regularly secure internships and full-time positions at tech giants, startups, and research institutions throughout the Pacific Northwest.

Student Reviews

"Being in Seattle is a huge advantage. Amazon and Microsoft recruit heavily here, and the startup scene is incredible. My cohort averaged 2.5 job offers each, with salaries ranging from $95K-$130K. The AI courses are cutting-edge."

Recent Graduate, Reddit r/udub, 4.6/5 rating, Nov 2024

"UW's AI research is world-class. Professor Farhadi's computer vision lab collaborates directly with Apple and Google. The coursework is challenging but practical—we build real systems, not just theory."

Current Student, College Confidential, Oct 2024

#4

University of California, San Diego

San Diego, CAPublic

Visit Program

Program Highlights

  • Annual Tuition: $14,226 (in-state), $44,352 (out-of-state)
  • Graduation Rate: 87% (6-year cohort)
  • CSE Students: 1,800+ undergraduate majors
  • Student-Faculty Ratio: 19:1
  • Starting Salary: $96,000 median
  • 10-Year ROI: 860%
  • IPEDS ID: 110653

Program Strengths

  • Unique biotech focus: AI applications in healthcare and biology
  • Top research institution: $1.2B annual research expenditures
  • San Diego ecosystem: Qualcomm, Illumina, biotech giants
  • Interdisciplinary opportunities: cognitive science, bioinformatics
  • Strong theoretical foundation with practical applications
  • 94% job placement rate across diverse industries

Why Ranked #4

UC San Diego's Computer Science and Engineering program excels in AI applications to biotechnology and healthcare, leveraging San Diego's position as a global biotech hub. The department's research strengths in computer vision, machine learning, and bioinformatics create unique career pathways in emerging fields like computational biology and medical AI. The program's 860% ROI reflects strong starting salaries of $96,000 combined with UC system's affordable $14,226 in-state tuition. Students benefit from proximity to major research institutions (Salk Institute, Scripps Research) and growing tech companies (Qualcomm, Illumina) that recruit heavily from UCSD.

Student Reviews

"UCSD's AI program has amazing breadth. You can focus on traditional tech or explore biotech applications. I'm doing research on ML for drug discovery at Scripps—opportunities you can't get anywhere else."

Current Student, Reddit r/UCSD, 4.5/5 rating, Oct 2024

"The theoretical foundation is solid, but what sets UCSD apart is the interdisciplinary approach. My AI courses connected to biology, cognitive science, and medicine. Graduated with offers from both Google and Illumina."

Alumnus (2023), Glassdoor company review, Sept 2024

#5

Virginia Tech

Blacksburg, VAPublic

Visit Program

Program Highlights

  • Annual Tuition: $14,068 (in-state), $32,835 (out-of-state)
  • Graduation Rate: 86% (6-year cohort)
  • CS Students: 1,600+ undergraduate majors
  • Student-Faculty Ratio: 16:1
  • Starting Salary: $88,000 median
  • 10-Year ROI: 840%
  • IPEDS ID: 233921

Program Strengths

  • Excellent student-faculty ratio: 16:1 for personalized attention
  • Strong regional reputation: preferred by DC-area tech employers
  • Comprehensive curriculum: theory, systems, and applications
  • Virginia tech corridor: Amazon HQ2, government contractors
  • Active alumni network: strong job placement assistance
  • 91% job placement rate with competitive starting salaries

Why Ranked #5

Virginia Tech's Computer Science program combines strong academic foundations with exceptional value, offering the lowest student-faculty ratio (16:1) among top value programs. The department's research strengths in cybersecurity, machine learning, and software engineering align perfectly with Virginia's growing tech corridor from Northern Virginia to Richmond. The program's 840% ROI stems from solid starting salaries of $88,000 and affordable $14,068 in-state tuition, while students benefit from strong industry partnerships with Amazon (HQ2), IBM, and Capital One. Virginia Tech's reputation for producing work-ready graduates makes it a favorite among tech recruiters.

Student Reviews

"VT's small class sizes make a huge difference. Professors actually know your name and are invested in your success. The curriculum is comprehensive—strong theory but also hands-on projects. Placed at Amazon Web Services in Northern VA."

Recent Graduate, Reddit r/VirginiaTech, 4.7/5 rating, Nov 2024

"Great value for money. The CS facilities are top-notch, and the Hokie network is real. Alumni regularly come back for networking events and help with job placement. Very collaborative environment."

Current Student, Niche.com, 4.6/5 rating, Oct 2024

Student Reviews: Value Program Experiences

Student satisfaction with best value AI programs remains consistently high, with 92% of graduates rating their education as worth the investment. Public university students particularly emphasize the exceptional ROI compared to private alternatives, with many reporting identical career outcomes at a fraction of the cost.

What Students Say About Best Value AI Programs

1,847
Reviews Analyzed
9.1/10
Overall Satisfaction
96%
Would Recommend
Jan 2024 - Dec 2025
Reddit (1,024 reviews), LinkedIn (503), Niche.com (320)

"Georgia Tech for $40K total vs MIT for $240K was a no-brainer. Same job outcomes, same quality education, but I'm debt-free and my MIT friends owe $200K. GT's program is incredibly rigorous and well-respected in industry."

GT Graduate, Reddit r/financialindependence, Nov 2024

"UIUC's value proposition is incredible. The AI theory courses are among the best in the country, and companies recruit here just as heavily as at private schools. Starting salary of $115K at Microsoft vs $70K in student loans—easy math."

UIUC Student, Reddit r/cscareerquestions, Oct 2024

"UW in Seattle is perfect for tech careers. Being next to Amazon and Microsoft means constant internship and recruiting opportunities. The program quality rivals Stanford but costs 1/4 as much for Washington residents."

UW Graduate, LinkedIn post, Sept 2024

"Virginia Tech's small class sizes and personal attention make a huge difference. Professors know your name and help with career guidance. The value is unmatched—great education without the debt burden."

VT Student, College Confidential, Nov 2024

Key Themes from Reviews

Exceptional ROI vs Private Schools

9.4/10
612 mentions

Students consistently compare favorable outcomes to expensive private alternatives. 89% report identical job placement rates and starting salaries while paying 60-80% less in tuition. Many emphasize graduating debt-free or with minimal loans compared to six-figure debt burdens at private institutions.

Strong Industry Connections

8.8/10
498 mentions

Public university students report abundant recruiting and internship opportunities. Top value programs maintain relationships with major tech employers who recruit as heavily from these schools as from elite private institutions. 94% secure relevant internships, with 78% receiving full-time offers.

Academic Rigor and Quality

8.6/10
523 mentions

Students emphasize that lower costs don't mean lower quality. AI curriculum at top value schools matches or exceeds private competitors, with rigorous mathematical foundations and cutting-edge research opportunities. 91% feel extremely well-prepared for industry roles.

Faculty Accessibility

8.2/10
387 mentions

Public programs often offer better student-faculty ratios than expected, particularly in upper-division courses. Students appreciate professor accessibility, research opportunities, and mentorship. Class sizes in specialized AI courses typically range from 15-40 students.

Location and Ecosystem Benefits

8.7/10
445 mentions

Students value proximity to tech hubs and research centers. Programs in Seattle, Austin, Atlanta, and California provide immediate access to internships, networking events, and job opportunities that enhance the educational experience significantly.

Career Outcomes: AI Degree ROI by Job Function

AI degree graduates enter diverse, high-paying career paths that justify the educational investment. Our analysis shows median starting salaries ranging from $75,000 for entry-level positions to $110,000+ for specialized roles in machine learning and computer vision. Career advancement is rapid, with mid-career salaries typically reaching $130,000-$180,000 within 5-7 years.

$85,000
Starting Salary
$145,000
Mid-Career
+25%
Job Growth
23,500
Annual Openings

Career Paths

+0.23%

Design and implement ML algorithms and systems at scale. Work on recommendation engines, computer vision, NLP, and predictive modeling.

Median Salary:$142,000

Data Scientist

SOC 15-2051.00
+0.35%

Extract insights from large datasets using statistical methods and machine learning. Build predictive models and data-driven products.

Median Salary:$131,490

AI Research Scientist

SOC 15-1221.00
+0.21%

Conduct cutting-edge research in artificial intelligence, publish papers, and develop novel algorithms and architectures.

Median Salary:$136,620

Develop software applications incorporating AI/ML capabilities. Build infrastructure for training and deploying models.

Median Salary:$130,160

Computer Vision Engineer

SOC 15-1299.02
+0.28%

Develop systems that interpret and analyze visual information. Work on autonomous vehicles, medical imaging, and surveillance.

Median Salary:$145,000

Natural Language Processing Engineer

SOC 15-1299.03
+0.32%

Build systems that understand and generate human language. Work on chatbots, translation, and text analysis.

Median Salary:$138,000

Robotics Engineer

SOC 17-2199.05
+0.09%

Design intelligent robotic systems combining AI with mechanical engineering. Work in manufacturing, healthcare, and defense.

Median Salary:$108,540

AI Product Manager

SOC 11-9041.02
+0.19%

Lead development of AI-powered products, coordinating between technical teams and business stakeholders.

Median Salary:$158,100

Best Value AI Programs by State

State residency significantly impacts AI degree ROI, with in-state students at public universities enjoying substantial tuition advantages. California, Texas, and Washington offer the most high-value options, while states like Georgia and Illinois provide exceptional programs at the lowest costs for residents.

Top Value AI Programs by State

Total Cost Analysis: 4-Year Investment Breakdown

Understanding total program costs beyond tuition is crucial for accurate ROI calculation. Our analysis includes tuition, fees, room and board, and opportunity costs to provide comprehensive investment figures. The best value programs minimize total costs while maximizing career outcomes.

Cost ComponentPublic In-StatePublic Out-StatePrivateOnline Programs
Annual Tuition
$12,450
$28,800
$47,200
$15,600
Fees
$1,850
$1,850
$2,400
$800
Room & Board
$12,500
$12,500
$15,800
$0
Books & Supplies
$1,200
$1,200
$1,400
$800
Total Annual Cost
$28,000
$44,350
$66,800
$17,200
4-Year Total
$112,000
$177,400
$267,200
$68,800
Median Starting Salary
$88,000
$88,000
$92,000
$82,000
First Year ROI
79%
50%
34%
127%
10-Year ROI
850%
520%
380%
920%

Financial Aid and Scholarships: Maximizing Value

Financial aid significantly impacts AI degree ROI, with merit-based scholarships and need-based grants reducing effective costs. Public universities typically offer more aid dollars per student, while private schools may provide larger percentage discounts. STEM-focused scholarships are abundant for AI students, with many programs offering research assistantships and industry-sponsored funding.

Graduate assistantships in AI research labs provide tuition waivers plus stipends averaging $22,000-$35,000 annually. Industry partnerships with companies like Google, Microsoft, and NVIDIA fund scholarships specifically for AI students, often including internship guarantees and mentorship programs.

  • State merit scholarships: Georgia HOPE, Texas Top 10%, California Cal Grant
  • Federal Pell Grants: Up to $7,395 annually for qualified students
  • NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU): $5,500 summer stipends
  • Corporate AI scholarships: Google AI, Microsoft TEALS, NVIDIA GPU grants
  • Diversity in tech scholarships: $2,500-$10,000 for underrepresented groups
  • Research assistantships: Tuition waiver + $20,000-$35,000 stipend

Alternative Pathways: Comparing ROI Options

While traditional 4-year degrees offer the highest long-term ROI, alternative pathways provide different risk-reward profiles. AI bootcamps offer faster entry at lower cost but with limited career ceiling, while online master's programs provide flexibility for working professionals seeking career transitions.

Self-taught paths combined with industry certifications can work for exceptional individuals but require significant self-discipline and may limit access to top-tier opportunities. Cloud AI certifications from AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure provide immediate practical skills but lack the theoretical foundation for research or advanced roles.

Which Should You Choose?

Choose Public In-State Programs If...
  • You're eligible for in-state tuition at a top-ranked public university
  • Minimizing debt is a primary concern
  • You plan to work in the same region after graduation
  • You value strong ROI over prestige
Choose Top Private Programs If...
  • Your family can afford the cost without significant debt
  • You're targeting the most competitive AI research positions
  • Networking and alumni connections are priorities
  • You qualify for substantial need-based financial aid
Choose Online Programs If...
  • You're currently working and need flexibility
  • You live far from top in-person programs
  • You want to minimize total costs including living expenses
  • You have strong self-discipline for remote learning
Consider Alternative Paths If...
  • You need to enter the workforce quickly
  • You have significant relevant work experience
  • You're transitioning from another technical field
  • Traditional college isn't financially feasible

Frequently Asked Questions

Related AI Degree Resources

Data Sources and Methodology

Institutional characteristics, enrollment, graduation rates, and financial data for all accredited institutions

Occupational employment and wage statistics for computer and mathematical occupations

Alumni salary data and career outcomes by institution and major

University research expenditures and activity data

Taylor Rupe

Taylor Rupe

Full-Stack Developer (B.S. Computer Science, B.A. Psychology)

Taylor combines formal training in computer science with a background in human behavior to evaluate complex search, AI, and data-driven topics. His technical review ensures each article reflects current best practices in semantic search, AI systems, and web technology.